3D optical elements modulate light through interaction with an entire volume of variable refractive index (as opposed to a sequence of surfaces used in traditional optics.) One commonly used form of 3D optics is gradient-index (GRIN) where the modulation is base-band. Instead, we have emphasized use of modulations on a spatial carrier (grating.) We have demonstrated that the resulting controllable shift variance and dispersion can be used for optical slicing, real-time optical tomography, and hyper-spectral imaging in three spatial dimensions. The extended degrees of freedom available in defining the optical response of 3D optics with a carrier makes this kind of optical elements suitable for computational imaging. We will discuss examples where over-constrained least-squares (pseudo-inverse) and maximum likelihood (Viterbi) algorithms were used to maximize the image information extracted from the raw images.